These procedures are rooted in mathematics and techniques that support rigorous reasoning about properties of complex software.
There are several techniques that fall under the umbrella of formal software verificationproviding a spectrum with different levels of strength, precision, learning curve, and costs.
While the more powerful techniques require extensive training and a solid background in mathematics and computer science, there are many industry–level tools that require basic familiarity with software development and that can be readily adopted into existing processes: experience reports from across industry show that software engineers at all levels can learn verification from scratch and get useful results in few weeks.